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               It is mathematical model which describes the relationship between variables. One is dependent variable and another one is independent variable . For eg: stock price predictor. Here, dependent variable is stock price. Independent variables are time, trade data and volume . The formula for predicted stock price is given by, Y= beta1+beta2*X+ error term Where, Y = predicted stock price X = predictor value ‘beta1’ = intercept ‘beta2’ = slope Error term The java implementation is given below… public class StockPricePredictor {     private double slope1;     private double intercept1;     // Train simple regression model     public void fit(double[] x, double[] y) {         if (x.length != y.length) {             throw new IllegalArgumentException ("Two...

               It is logical thinking game. Let us implement this program in java. Maze solver can be done in many ways as follows.. This maze solver uses DFS (Depth First Search) This algorithm starts from a root node and traverses through its child node until depth. It marks the visited node as visited and continues to next node. Complete all nodes using recursion . Code: import java.util .*; public class MazeSolver {     // let us create the Maze.here, 0 = path, 1 = wall     private static int[][] maze = {         {0, 1, 0, 0, 0},         {0, 1, 0, 1, 0},         {0, 0, 0, 1, 0},         {1, 1, 0, 1, 0},         {0, 0, 0, 0, 0}     };     private static boolean[][] m_visited; ...

               TicTacToe program is a classic one. Here, we implement this with AI . When a player plays,AI plays opposite side. The program is given below. // importing built-in package. import java.util. Scanner ; //public class definition public class TTTAI {     static char[][] board1 = {         {' ', ' ', ' '},         {' ', ' ', ' '},         {' ', ' ', ' '}     }; // main() function includes the play_Move(), ai_Move(), isGameOver().     public static void main(String[] args) {         Scanner s1 = new Scanner( System.in );         while (true) {             printIt();             play...

               Let us create a java program to find the sentiment words in the input. The words are created in two categories such as positive or negative. The program finds the words and prints it as the output. This is one of the sample programs in AI coding in beginner’s level. Steps to follow: This program begins by importing java.util package. A public class is created. The class name is “SwordDetector”. It includes the main () function. Positive and negative words are created as set of string. Using Scanner object, the system input is read from the user. Each and all words are separated. Each word is compared with positive and negative words list. Finally, check the category of the word and print it accordingly. Program: import java.util.*; public class SwordDetector {     public static void main(String[] args) {         // create a simple positive and negative words ...

                 ‘ volatile ’ is a keyword used in java. It provides the changes that can be visible across the multiple threads . Most recent value is applicable for all threads. Features: Visibility across the multiple threads. Even though Caching, atomicity cannot be done, it is light weight and overhead is reduced. It makes latest value is read/written is visible. Use ‘volatile’ keyword when the following condition occurs… Multiple threads access the same variable for reading and writing. Singleton patterns are used. Thread safety is needed. Java program using ‘volatile’ keyword: class SFlag {     private volatile boolean f_run = true;     public void stop() {         f_run = false; // this statement makes this variable visible to all threads     }     public void doIt() {       ...

                 It is a block of code which makes the program control takes over a single thread over multithreads in a critical region . Why synchronized block ? It deals with single thread. So, it improves the performance. Specific block is locked here. It considers a set of code instead of complete method. The race condition is effectively handled. Data inconsistency also improved. How to create a synchronized block? The code is given below. Code: synchronized ( lockObject ) {     // critical section code }   Let us create a java program to implement the counting application using synchronized block. Program: A class sample is created with private variable ‘s_incre’ and incre() function’s part of code as synchronized block. It increments the value ‘s_incre’. A function getIt() displays the counted value. In the main() function, object is created for sample class . Two threads are create...

       Static synchronization makes a single thread to execute the static method. Generally, this method deals with class level itself. 👉Why static synchronization?   It provides the consistency for all objects in the class. It ensures the other threads does not interfere the thread using static data . Program: This program creates a class with static member variable and static method . In the main function, a single thread can access it at a time in class level, not object level. class increment {     static int inc = 0;     // Static synchronized method     public static synchronized void s_incre() {         inc++;         System.out.println("The value is incremented as " + inc);     } } public class SampleCode {     public static void main(String[] args) {    ...

               It is the built-in interface in java.util.concurrent.locks package.it is very easy to handle the synchronization in a flexible way. It has three types of locking such as interruptible locking , try-locking and timed locking . Let us create a java program to illustrate the lock interface. ·        This program starts from including the built-in package. ·        A class is written as SResource. ·        It creates a lock object as reentrantlock . ·        A method “SafeMethod()” is act as critical region. It locks and unlocks the thread based on the situation. ·        At last, the thread is unlocked using finally block. ·        To get and display the output, the LockEg class is used. ·        It creates the object for ...

                This is another type of synchronization which deals with thread. Once the threads are created, it has to be coordinated and mange multithreading. The types of thread synchronization  are given below. ·        Inter thread communication ·        Mutual exclusive It can be achieved by following ways. Atomic classes Lock interface Synchronized block Static synchronization Volatile keyword Each and all types are explained as follows. Atomic classes:               Atomic means unique. Atomic classes use single variables to process the thread. The process includes the increment,decrement and compare the value. It makes the thread to be safe in all times. Program: This program starts with including the java package java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger. Two classes are created. ...

  Process synchronization is one of the techniques which is used in shared resources . When multiple processes are executed, this is used to coordinate the resources. Here, we have taken the producer, consumer problem. Producer produces the item. Consumer uses the item. Java Program: ·        Include the semaphore package. ·        Create a buffer class for shared resource. ·        Create a semaphore for empty, full and mutex. ·        To produce the item,use the steps as follows. ·        If empty acquires it wait for not empty buffer. ·        If mutex acquires means it locks the critical section. ·        Assign the value and display it. ·        Finally, release the semaphores. ·        To consume the ite...